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The Hebrew Actors' Union (HAU) was a craft union for actors in Yiddish theater in the United States (primarily in New York City), and was the first actors' union in the United States. The union was affiliated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America of the AFL-CIO. ==History== ---- |caption= }} The Hebrew Actors' Union was officially founded in 1899 by Jewish labor leader Joseph Barondess,〔("Pre-guild" ) in the online history on the site of the Screen Actors' Guild. Accessed March 7, 2005. .〕 who had been sent by the United Hebrew Trades to aid striking actors at the People's Theatre. The Union was closely associated from its beginning with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and with the general and Jewish labor movement. A 1925 article in ''The New York Times'' described the union as having, at that time, "over three hundred" members, and notes that it has, "not only placed all of its members in good positions, but () it has also granted many privileges to non-members..." It also notes that, "A great many members of the union are American-born and all of them are thoroughly Americanized."〔Melamed, S.M., "The Yiddish Stage," ''The New York Times'', Sep 27, 1925, p. X2.〕 The union represented "performers (except musicians) who are engaged in the field of Hebrew or Yiddish Language Theater."〔("Unions with substantial membership in the Arts, Entertainment, and Media Industry," ) U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Agency, August 30, 2004. Accessed March 7, 2005.〕 Yiddish theater was at the height of its popularity in the 1920s and even into the 1930s, when Yiddish theater attendance had already started to decrease, the Union claimed a robust membership and there was enough of an audience to maintain quite a few Yiddish theaters throughout the country. A variety of factors, including the Great Depression, the continued acculturation of the American Jewish population and the movement of Jewish audiences towards Broadway and motion pictures and the lack of new audiences that accompanied the end of immigration combined to erode the audience for the Yiddish theater. Theaters began to close, theatrical seasons were cut short and several of the biggest stars of the Yiddish theater left for the non-Yiddish stage or Hollywood. By the middle of the 1930 theatrical season, the managers of the remaining nine New York theaters threatened to close if there was not a dramatic percent cut in Hebrew Actors' Union personnel salaries, which were significantly higher than non-Union members. The Union threatened to strike but the theater managers kept to their promise and, starting on December 8, 1930,〔("Wage Row Closes 9 Jewish Theaters," ) ''The New York Times'', December 8, 1930〕 the theaters closed for two weeks. The Union was forced to cut its salary scale and to waive its power to set a quota for actors for every theater for the duration of the season, but it was not enough. Tensions between the Union and the theater managers continued to increase at the same time that the Yiddish theater audience continued to wane. More theaters closed, fewer productions were staged and Yiddish-language actors struggled to find enough work to support themselves. After the death of long-time president Reuben Guskin in 1951, the Union was led by elected volunteer presidents, many of whom were active in the Yiddish theater. These included Herman Yablokoff, composer of the hit song ''Papirosn'' (Cigarettes), the Broadway and Yiddish stage actor Bernard Sauer (1986 until his death in 1991) and singer and performer Seymour Rexite, who was the last president of the Union from 1991 until his death at age 91 in 2002.〔("The Yiddish Crooner," ) The Yiddish Radio Project.〕 After Rexite’s death, the Union’s leadership passed to one-time Yiddish performer Ruth Ellen, who served as acting head until October 2005, when it was declared defunct by its parent union, the Associated Actors and Artistes of America.〔Robert Simonson, ("Where Have You Gone, Molly Picon?" ) All About Jewish Theatre, 2006. Reprinted from ''The New York Times''. Accessed March 7, 2005.〕〔(Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers: History ), ATPAM. Accessed September 2, 2006.〕 As of February 15, 2008, it was still listed in the AFL-CIO's online list of affiliates.〔Andrew Jacobs, "The Last Act," ''The New York Times'', December 8, 1996. p. CY3 gives an earlier founding date of 1887, as does Iris Blasi, ("End of an Era: The Fate of the Hebrew Actors Union Building," ) ''Forward''. October 13, 2006.〕 The union continued to file reports with the Department of Labor until 2010.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hebrew Actors' Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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